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FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions

Basics
How are the source categories and regions defined?

A description of the sources and regions used in EDGAR 3 is provided in the Definitions section of the documentation. The first letter identifies the main source categories:

B - Biofuel, combustion and production
F - Fossil fuel, combustion, production, and handling/transmission
I  - Industrial processes (i.e. non-combustion), including solvent use.
L - Agriculture and Landuse
W - Waste handling

For a more accurate description and definition the EDGAR source categories have been related to the IPCC source categories 1 to 6 that have been defined for reporting of national greenhouse gas inventories under the Climate Convention. The definitions of the latter have been included in the documentation.
Please note that the regions in EDGAR 3 have been reordered; now the OECD, Economies-In-Transition (EIT) and Less Developed Countries (LDC) regions are grouped together, respectively. (These three regional clusters are somewhat homogeneous with respect to the development of the national statistical systems and the emission factors for a number of source categories.)

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How should I cite EDGAR data in my publication?

We appreciate that you use EDGAR data as reference data set for your scientific, policy or other applications. EDGAR data as provided on the web site and through anonymous FTP may be freely used, provided that you acknowledge the estimated uncertainties as summarised in the uncertainty tables in the Uncertainty section of the documentation, and that you include your publication the following reference to the EDGAR data: 

source: EDGAR 3.x by RIVM/TNO (Olivier, J.G.J. and Berdowski, J.J.M., 2001, Global emission sources and sinks. In: J. Berdowski, R. Guicherit and B.J. Heij (eds.), The Climate System: 33-77. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers). 

For EDGAR V2.0 the proper citation is: 

EDGAR V2.0 by RIVM/TNO (Olivier, J.G.J., Bouwman, A.F., Berdowski, J.J.M., Veldt, C., Bloos, J.P.J., Visschedijk, A.J.H., Van der Maas, C.W.M. and P.Y.J. Zandveld, 1999, Sectoral emission inventories of greenhouse gases for 1990 on a per country basis as well as on 1o x 1o. Environmental Science & Policy, 2, 241-264).

In addition, as a small service in return to our efforts to compile, document, release and update these datasets, we greatly appreciate it, if you send us by snail mail, fax or email a copy of your publication in which you refer to EDGAR data. This is also appreciated for older publications, which refer to EDGAR 2 data. 

Our mailing address is:
RIVM 
EDGAR team
c/o Jeroen Peters
P.O. Box 1
NL-3720 BA  Bilthoven
The Netherlands
Email: mailto:edgar-info@mnp.nl

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Could you provide graphs of gridded maps to include in my publication?

At the web site we provide per compound a GIF-file with a graph of gridded total anthropogenic emissions for a specific year. You may use this in publications, provided that you include a reference to the EDGAR data as described above. 
If you would require a higher resolution picture, please contact us, since all grid maps are converted from originals in EPS format.

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How about uncertainties in the EDGAR datasets?
The characteristics of the EDGAR structure (see Q. on difference with official national inventories) determine the quality of the individual inventories in relation to the user's application. At national total sectoral level and at grid level, the EDGAR approach guarantees that the source categories are defined identical across countries and that the emission levels for these various source categories are consistent across countries and are comparable within and between regions. However, it is acknowledged that (a) international statistics may differ from national statistics, in particular for small countries and small activity data; (b) the emission factors may be less detailed and less accurate and used to compile official national inventories, and (c) grid maps used for allocating national totals for a source category to the grid will be different from the maps used at national level. This introduces uncertainties at global, regional, national and grid level. An indication of the uncertainties in the EDGAR global and regional emission estimates is summarised in the uncertainty tables in the Uncertainty section of the documentation. The uncertainties at country level may be similar, or in specific cases higher than the estimates provided in these tables.
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Why are the EDGAR data different from official national inventories?
The EDGAR set of inventories were compiled from the perspective of providing good quality reference estimates of anthropogenic emission sources per source category, based on scientifically sound input data. This was done be using (a) international statistics as activity data, since these are comparable between countries in definition and units, (b) emission factors from the scientific literature, also common across countries when judged comparable, and (c) grid maps for allocating sectoral emissions of a country to a grid, in principle common per sector, thus achieving spatial consistency across compounds and years. This is also a key difference with some of the GEIA inventories, which focus on the best spatially explicit emission inventory for a specific compound and a specific year. We acknowledge that our approach has limitations too, e.g. EDGAR estimates will differ more or less from official national emissions, both at national total sectoral level and at grid level, but this approach was required to arrive at emissions for various source categories, which are defined identical across countries and regions. Nevertheless, because of its internal consistency as mentioned above, we think that this dataset is by its nature a good one for many reference purposes, e.g. as input for global or regional atmospheric models or scenario models or other policy analysis. Therefore we call the present EDGAR national estimates 'reference datasets'. Indications of the uncertainty in the global and regional emission estimates have been summarised in the uncertainty tables in the Uncertainty section of the documentation. The uncertainties in the EDGAR estimates at country level may be similar, or in specific cases higher than the estimates provided in these tables.
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What is the difference between EDGAR inventories and GEIA inventories?
Originally, GEIA inventories for a particular compound were by definition the ones developed or endorsed by the corresponding GEIA Study Group, as to guarantee that certain quality criteria are met. For some compounds, e.g. N2O, NH3, NMVOC and CO, the EDGAR inventories were adopted as the official GEIA inventory. However, recently GEIA has broadened its scope and included the concept of alternative datasets per compound or source category that may be referred to or provided at the GEIA website or its subsidiary sites. Thus, the EDGAR inventories for various compounds have either the status of the GEIA inventory for that specific compound, or are qualified as alternative GEIA dataset.
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What to do when I find caveats in the datasets that are not described in the EDGAR documentation?
In all cases that you identify emission estimates in the EDGAR inventories that you think are clearly incorrect or are way outside the expected uncertainty range, e.g. in comparison with recent, more accurate estimates, or from analysis with atmospheric models, we appreciate you letting us know. This is important information for us, and possibly for other users as well. We may include it in the list of known caveats or use it in future improvements of the datasets.
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Could you provide a more detailed breakdown of the NMVOC Compound Groups?
Yes, some compound groups include a number of halogenated substances. In fact, 'Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds' is not very well defined; different guidelines (EMEP-CORINAIR, AP-42, IPCC) may use somewhat different definitions.
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Are halocarbons included in the NMVOC Compound Groups?
Yes, some compound groups include a number of halogenated substances. In fact, 'Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds' is not very well defined; different guidelines (EMEP-CORINAIR, AP-42, IPCC) may use somewhat different definitions.
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Could you provide the number of mole of emissions of the NMVOC Compound Groups equivalent to the emissions you provide in mass units?
At the GEIA site with NMVOC Compound Group emissions we provide in a help file for each compound group the average number of mole per gramme of emissions.
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Why do you use the gridded population map compiled by Li?

At present, there are several gridded population map around, like the 1ox1o maps from Harvard/Logan, NASA-GISS, two maps at 10'x10' NGCIA, and the GEIA map on 1ox1o by Li. We use the Li map since it is the only map available at 1x1 which has the following qualifications:

  • a uniform spatial quality for all countries - in contrast with the NGCIA maps, which are based on sub-national census data that have in many cases a very high spatial resolution, but also include several countries - e.g. the Russian Federation - of which the smallest units are much larger then a 1ox1o grid cell;
  • a detailed rural population distribution due to the inclusion of small towns to the  size of 10,000 inhabitants and compiled for a recent year - in contrast with the NASA-GISS and Harvard/Logan maps, which were compiled for an older year and using less details for the rural area;
  • it locates population in the proper grid cell - whereas allows taking account of border cells, which include areas of more than one country/sea area.  

For these reasons this map was selected as the default GEIA population map for new inventories. Moreover, due to the more detailed spatial resolution in the rural areas, the Li map is better suited for splitting into urban and rural sub-maps.

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Why did you modify the Li map and use separate urban and rural population maps in EDGAR 3?
The reason for compiling these separate maps in EDGAR 3 is to restrict industrial activities to the urban population areas, when no source-specific map is available. Thereby we avoid that a fraction of the emissions of these sources is also allocated to distant, rural areas. Although that share would have been small (say up to 10-20% in most cases) and distributed over many cells, in absolute levels it may be a substantial amount thus increasing the rural emissions significantly. This effect has now largely been eliminated from the previous spatial distribution used e.g. in EDGAR 2.
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Sources
Could you provide the international emissions from air transport?
Yes we do! Air transport emissions are calculated using the energy statistics from International Energy Agency (IEA) as activity data and they distinguish domestic and international air transport. So, in principle we could take out the national part of the total aircraft emissions of a country. However, in practice individual countries use quite different national definitions to make this distinction. Therefore it is not worthwhile to consider the national emissions from air transport separately without knowing details on the national definitions used. For more information on the subject we refer to the IEA (e.g. the publication 'CO2 from fuel combustion'). Global total emissions, calculated as sum of emissions from total fuel use per country for air transport, were allocated to gridded emissions at altitude bands of 1 km. The lowest band, which stretches from 0 to 1 km altitude, is approximately equivalent to the Landing and Take-Off (LTO) emissions near airports. These emissions are considered as surface emissions and are included in the maps for surface emissions.
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Could you provide the transport emissions separately for passenger and freight transport?
No, unfortunately we cannot. The transport emissions are calculated using the energy statistics from the International Energy Agency (IEA) as activity data and these only distinguish fuel types per mode of transport. However, for road transport most emission factors at country level for 1990 were compiled using specific emission factors per type of vehicle and data for the shares of these types in the country total for 1990.
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The gridded emissions from road transport show per country a constant ratio between compounds. Didn't you use different emission factors for urban, rural and highway driving?
Yes, per country we used for the emission factors of CO, NOx, and NMVOC specific emission factors per type of vehicle and per part of the driving cycle combined with estimates for the fuel consumption in each sub-sector. These emission factors were aggregated to a national average per fuel type (petrol, diesel, LPG) and then applied to the energy statistics for road transport per fuel type. Subsequently the national total emissions were distributed to grid cells within each country using a population map. The former aggregation of emission factors following by using the same maps for allocating the gridded emissions causes the phenomenon mentioned in the question.
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What causes the differences in agricultural waste burning emissions in EDGAR and IPCC reports and other literature?

At global level agricultural waste burning emissions are very uncertain by their nature. Uncertainty comes into the equation e.g. when estimating (a) the fraction of above-ground crop residues per unit of net crop production (by crop type); (b) the fraction of above-ground residue left on the field (by crop type) (i.e. not removed e.g. with the crop or for use as biofuel); (d) the carbon and nitrogen content in the crop residues (when emission factors are expressed relative to CO2 and to the N content). In the literature very different fractions of crop residues burned are used. The recent estimates we used are lower than the older ones. Moreover, in our analysis the crop residues used for energetic purposes (i.e. as 'vegetal biofuel') are subtracted from the amounts allocated to our source category 'Agricultural waste burning'.

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What causes the differences in deforestation emissions in EDGAR and IPCC reports and other literature?
Large-scale biomass burning emissions are very uncertain by their nature. Uncertainty comes into the equation e.g. when estimating (a) the amount of hectares burned; (b) the density of above-ground biomass per hectare; (c) the fraction of above-ground biomass actually burned; (d) the carbon content in the aboveground biomass (when emission factors are expressed relative to CO2). For reasons of transparency we used the FAO publications with estimates of average per cent of area annually deforested per decade ('70s; '80s; first half of the '90s) combined with IPCC defaults for the parameters (b) to (d). The total amount of biomass burned thus calculated appears to be approximately at the same level as the IPCC global total estimate for biomass burning (including biofuel use).
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More details
Can I get the complete database with all details?
We are sorry, but we only publicly provide emissions data from the EDGAR information systems at the standard source and region level for selected years. In addition we provide this data per individual country, although the associated uncertainty may be quite high in these cases (up to  50%). For most scientific and policy applications this level of detail should be sufficient. Providing more details would generate more questions about definitions and caveats in the dataset.
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Could you provide the emissions from fossil fuel combustion per fuel type?
In principle we could do this. However, at present we give no priority to this, since it would also require documenting the quality and caveats of the dataset at that level. We assume that for most scientific and policy applications the present level of detail is sufficient.
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Are there exceptions to this?
In individual cases, on a co-operation project basis, we may provide data at a more detailed level or with other cross sections. If you think we might have a strong interest in co-operating with your group please let us know; we may take co-operation into consideration…
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Could you provide the underlying activity with which the emissions have been calculated?
No, unfortunately we cannot. Often the activity data used were based on international statistics from IEA, FAO, UN, USGS, AFEAS, RAND or commercial firms compiling industry statistics. We are sorry, but we cannot provide the activity data at country level since the proprietary rights of this data are with the organisation that compiled them. Users of the datasets are not allowed to distribute the datasets as such to others. So, you will have to contact these organisations to get or purchase this data. [However, we may provide aggregated activity data, e.g. per EDGAR region, at a later time.]
An exception is in the special case of co-operation projects, where input data are shared, and the activity data as included in EDGAR could be shared as well. 
If you think we might have a strong interest in co-operating with your group please let us know; we may take co-operation into consideration…
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Could you provide the basic emission factors with which the emissions have been calculated?
We refer to the key publications on the EDGAR inventories, where individual or aggregated emission factors for all sources have been provided. The emission factors we used vary from rather aggregate to very detailed. Therefore, providing all emission factors would require defining also carefully for which source category and activity unit they are defined. Also some of the factors, in particular for CO, NOx, NMVOC and SO2, were derived using confidential information. [However, in relation to the IPCC project on the compilation of a comprehensive Emission factor Database we may submit the emission factors used.]
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More compounds, sources, years
Could you also provide time series emissions and gridded emissions of CO, NOx, NMVOC and SO2 for years prior to 1990?
No, at present we cannot provide pre-1990 emissions for these compounds. To estimate these emissions will require a careful analysis of the trend over time in emission factors caused by the implementation of emission control technology in sectors and in many industrialised countries. Only in cases where we could assume as first approximation that emission factors have remained constant over the last decades (at the sub-source level used in EDGAR), we have compiled inventories covering the period 1970-1995, i.e. for the direct greenhouse gases.
However, based on the EDGAR V2.0 emissions for 1990 we have compiled a 100-year set of gridded inventories with decadal emissions for these compounds. This dataset is available from Frank Dentener at JRC, Ispra (It.).
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When will you update the emissions to a more recent year, e.g. 2000?
Good question. This principally depends on the availability of international statistics all covering more recent years. Since making detailed updates of EDGAR is a laborious effort, based on  the interest in and capacity available by the EDGAR consortium, updates at a detailed level will only been made every five years or so.
However, in order to meet the demand from policy and scientific users, the EDGAR consortium decided to initiate a new so-called ‘Fast Track’ action to (bi-)annually estimate and publish recent global emissions at country and grid level based on readily available trend data (recent national statistics for the standard EDGAR categories and trends in reported national emissions when available).
In addition, MNP annually compiles an estimate of the trend in direct greenhouse gases (i.e. the six Kyoto Protocol compounds) per major anthropogenic source category based on the global total statistics for these categories and extrapolating (global total) trends in emission factors where necessary. The same is done for the global consumption and emissions of Ozone Depleting compounds included in the Montreal Protocol and subsequent revisions. See the links at the Greenhouse Gas entry page and the Ozone Depleting Substance entry page in EDGAR 3.2.
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Could you add new compounds to the database?
Yes, in principle the structure of the EDGAR makes it rather easy to add a new compound, provided that the source categories already exist in EDGAR and that the emission factors for each source category are known per country or regions for specific years (EDGAR uses uniform emission factors per country). Then only a conversion of the emission factors is necessary into units expressed as annual emissions per unit of activity data currently used in EDGAR. Subsequently, national, regional, global and 1x1 degree gridded emissions can be calculated for any year in the period 1970-1995, using interpolation and extrapolation of the emission factors.
(If the sources are not yet included in the present system, in addition the corresponding activity data per country for the required period needs to be compiled and an appropriate grid map needs to be selected of compiled.)
If you would like to expand the EDGAR system in this way, you are invited to contact us. Maybe we can work out a co-operation.
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Are you planning to add new compounds to the database?

We anticipate to expand the EDGAR 3.2 datasets with Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC) emissions. However, there will be a rather large uncertainty involved, due to the limited number of measurements and limited knowledge about the degree of diversity within the sources.
In addition, we are considering to expand the TNO results for Europe to a global anthropogenic inventory of PM10 and PM2.5 emissions.

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Could you also provide the emissions from natural sources, such as from volcanoes or lightning?
The focus of the EDGAR system is on anthropogenic emission sources. For global and gridded estimates of natural emissions we refer to the GEIA/IGAC inventories, which provide natural emissions for several compounds and many sources, including volcanoes, lightning, soils and oceans. An exception are emissions from fossil fuel fires (e.g. coal fires and uncontrolled oil fires), which will be added to the EDGAR inventories [in preparation].
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Could you provide emissions of primary aerosols (particulate matter, dust, etc.)?

Yes, in the second half of 2005 we will provide information on Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC) emissions cf. Bond et al. (2003) in the EDGAR information system. For other information please check out other websites, e.g. of GEIA/IGBP. The GEIA group that is compiling a set for all primary particles has not yet finished. Also, for Europe TNO has compiled a regional emissions database for PM10 and PM2.5, which is available online. See the TNO website or the CEPMEIP website.

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Could you also provide emissions data with isotopic information?
No, we have no information on this topic. For this type of information please check out the other web sites, e.g. of IGAP/IGBP or CDIAC.
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Could you provide emissions of pesticides and other Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)?
No, we have no information on this topic. For this type of information please check out the other web sites, e.g. of GEIA/IGAC.
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Could you provide the emissions on a finer grid, e.g. 0.5 x 0.5 degree, a resolution often used in landuse models or regional atmospheric chemistry models?
EDGAR, as does GEIA, aims at serving primarily the global atmospheric models as well as policy analysis at regional or country level. For global models the present resolution of 1x1 degree appears quite sufficient. However, within GEIA discussion have started to improve on the treatment of borderline grid cells in which more than one country of ocean is present. This will improve the accuracy at the present 1x1 degree resolution.
In principle, in the future the EDGAR system could generate the emissions at a higher resolution after a relatively small modification of the software, provided that for all present grid maps equivalents at the higher resolution are available (population, animals, landuse, point sources, etc.). At present this is not yet the case. However, one could also pose a counter question: are the global models really sensitive to a finer distribution? One should realise that the inherent uncertainty in gridded emissions - also at 1x1 degree - is sometimes quite large, in particular when using emission inventories as estimate for specific episodes in time.
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Could EDGAR, in addition to the annual emissions, also provide time profiles, e.g. for seasonality or diurnal variation?
Providing time profiles for all sources at global level is a comprehensive task, which is dealt with by GEIA groups as well. At present we do not provide time profiles, other than the seasonality illustrated in the RIVM/TNO-NOP report on EDGAR 3, so the user is referred to datasets published in the literature, e.g. the Veldt approximations, Hao for biomass burning, or Mueller for key anthropogenic sources.
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Last update: 8 October 2004