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Exposure scenarios and exposure factors
Exposure factors are actions and media that bring us in contact with environmental agents. Important exposure factors are for instance consumption of food and beverages, housing conditions, time use in micro-environments, but also inhalation rates and consumer products use. Also activities of people contribute to the exposure to environmental agents.
Two major initiatives are mentioned that describe exposure factors for the European as well as the American population in the navigation section on the left.
ConsExpo Factsheets
The ConsExpo factsheets give important information for the consistent estimation and assessment of the exposure to, and the uptake of, substances from consumer products. Exposure factors are included in these documents.
European Exposure Factors (ExpoFacts) Sourcebook
The European Exposure Factors (ExpoFacts) Sourcebook is a
collection of statistics and references and contains data from 30
European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the
Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom. It is primarily aimed at being a tool for environmental
exposure analysis and risk assessment but it can also serve as a
data source for administration, NGO´s and anyone interested in
European statistics.
Expofacts (2007). The European Exposure Factors (ExpoFacts)
Sourcebook. http://expofacts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.
US-EPA Exposure Factors Handbook
The US-EPA also has made a summary of the available statistical
data on various factors used in assessing human exposure. These
factors concern the general (US) population as well as various
segments of the population who may have characteristics different
from the general population. Specific data for children are
included in the latest version of the report. (US-EPA, Exposure
Factors Handbook (2011) Final Report)
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252
US-EPA Consolidated Human Activity Database (CHAD)
The American Consolidated Human Activity Database (CHAD)
contains data obtained from pre-existing human activity studies
that were collected at city, state, and national levels. CHAD is
intended to be an input file for exposure/intake dose modelling
and/or statistical analysis. CHAD is a master database providing
access to other human activity databases using a consistent format.
U.S. EPA Consolidated Human Activity Database (CHAD) (2003).
http://www.epa.gov/chadnet1/
Additional exposure factors references
- Australian Exposure Assessment Handbook http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/FAC004DCE7F63EF1CA25784000206980/$File/AEFG.pdf
- IPCS Harmonization Project of the WHO: vast collection of information about exposure and risk assessment, with emphasis on exposure to chemicals http://www.who.int/ipcs/methods/harmonization/en/
- Mekel O, Mosbach-Schulz O, Schümann M, Okken PK, Peters C, Herrmann J, Hehl O, Bubenheim M, Fehr R und Timm J (2005). Evaluation von Standards und Modellen zur probabilistischen Expositionsabschätzung (Xprob.) Gefördert durch das Umweltbundesamt http://www.math.uni-bremen.de/riskom/xprob/
- Umwelt bundesambt (2011). Gesundheit und Umwelthygiene Gesundheitsbezogene Expositionsschätzung. http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/gesundheit/methoden/exposition.htm
More additional references are found in the following document,
available via the Expofacts website http://expofacts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/docs/reference.pdf
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