Recent research highlights the complexities surrounding the regulation of manufactured multicomponent nanomaterials (MCNMs) under the European chemicals’ regulation REACH. Although most of these materials are covered by REACH and its nano-specific updates, uncertainties remain regarding their categorisation and assessment. More precise definitions and guidelines are needed to ensure safe and sustainable management of these advanced materials as technology evolves.

Researchers have developed an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) that describes how nanomaterials (NMs) can compromise the gut’s protective barrier, leading to a “leaky gut”. The AOP outlines the biological mechanisms through which ingested NMs can harm intestinal integrity and increase permeability. Despite existing uncertainties and knowledge gaps, the AOP and associated testing methods are relevant for the risk assessment of NMs.

Recent advancements in recycling technologies for carbon nanotubes and epoxy resins show promise in enhancing their sustainability and reusability. By focusing on innovative bonding techniques, researchers are tackling the complex challenges associated with recycling these strong materials, paving the way for a more efficient circular economy.

The EU Innovation Network of regulators has released a Horizon Scanning Report on Nanomedicines, highlighting key trends, challenges and recommendations for regulatory collaboration. It emphasises the growing applications of nanotechnology in medicine and the need for improved regulatory frameworks. A new platform for regulatory science research is set to launch in 2025, aimed at enhancing dialogue between researchers and regulators. This call for regulatory preparedness aligns with similar recommendations and initiatives in the field of nanomaterials.

The UK government hosted two workshops to promote collaboration on the safe and sustainable development of advanced materials. These events brought together diverse stakeholders to share insights and shape relevant policies. Attendees highlighted the need for regulatory definitions, standards and test methods, and incentives to stimulate safe and sustainable development (SSbD) of advanced materials. In particular, there was a call for training small and medium enterprises (SMEs) on the SSbD concept and tools available for implementation. In addition, RIVM identified a need for improved integration of sustainability aspects like durability, reusability, and recyclability into SSbD approaches.

Two recent studies have proposed new methods to detect the presence of nanoparticles in food and cosmetics. The first study suggests a two-step approach to detect the banned food additive E 171. This involves screening for elemental titanium, followed by detecting nano-sized titanium dioxide. The second study used a quick screening tool to identify the presence of seven different nanoparticles in facial cosmetics. However, both methods have only been partially validated, and further improvements are required. There is a lack of reliable data on background titanium concentrations in food. A lack of reference matrices with known amounts of nanoparticles in consumer products is another challenge that needs to be addressed.

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications is quickly increasing and has the potential to revolutionize chemical risk assessment. For predicting the toxicity of nanomaterials, current models only work for relatively simple nanomaterials. There is a need to anticipate current developments and strategies to prepare for future AI implementation in chemical regulation.

Researchers from the EU Graphene Flagship have highlighted the complexity of assessing the safety of graphene and related materials. Such assessment requires detailed knowledge of safety-related physicochemical properties and the development of harmonised test methods. These lessons must receive ample attention in future innovation programmes on new materials.

By 2023, two European research projects related to the Malta Initiative were completed: Gov4Nano and NanoHarmony. These projects provided scientific support to thirteen OECD projects aimed at developing or modifying OECD Test Guidelines or Guidance Documents. However, more work is needed to finalise the OECD documents. The Malta Initiative has also identified further needs for harmonised test methods for future (advanced) materials and animal-free safety testing. The NanoHarmony White Paper guides on how to continue developing these test methods. However, it is uncertain how to identify and address future needs in the absence of resources for funding.

The safety of fullerenes in cosmetic products is uncertain, according to the EU Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). The information provided by the Notifier on the possible genotoxicity of fullerenes and other concerns was insufficient. The European Commission has recently proposed a new rule requiring the industry to provide additional data in the short term. If the industry fails to do so, fullerenes will be banned for use in cosmetic products, like other nanomaterials.