A recent study applied machine learning to investigate which physicochemical and experimental factors were most involved in genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2). The findings confirmed that exposure concentration, cell medium composition, and lysis temperature in the comet assay correlate with DNA damage. The identified correlations could provide valuable insights for standardizing this test. However, the study methods and findings are too limited to identify new parameters involved in genotoxicity. Also, the scope was not aimed at providing evidence on the genotoxicity of TiO2, and therefore the study has no direct relevance for the discussion on the carcinogenicity classification of TiO2 nanomaterials.

A recent review discusses the suitability of in vitro models for studying the intestinal uptake of nanomaterials. While Caco-2 cell models are widely recognised for studying chemical uptake, their suitability for nanomaterials is limited due to the complex physiological processes involved, prompting the need for more advanced co-culture models. Significant knowledge gaps remain, especially in standardising and assessing how well these models mimic human biology and relevant exposure scenarios. Currently, the first steps towards harmonization of new approach methodologies as a tool to predict intestinal uptake of nanomaterials are being taken.

Advancements in nanoscience over the past 25 years have significantly influenced fields like nanoelectronics, bionanotechnology, and nanophotonics, driving innovations in computing, healthcare, and energy. Two key publications celebrate these achievements while underscoring the necessity for robust safety governance frameworks to address health, environmental, and ethical concerns associated with nanomaterials. As the integration of nanotechnology into everyday life accelerates, understanding the risks and benefits of these materials becomes crucial, prompting a call for proactive, adaptive regulatory approaches and international collaboration.

A recent review highlights the potential of using common waste materials, such as fruit peels and food waste, for the sustainable synthesis of nanoparticles, utilizing their rich natural compounds as reducing and stabilizing agents. This green chemistry approach enhances production efficiency compared to traditional methods, offering significant economic and environmental benefits by using biomass waste streams and reducing raw material costs. Challenges remain regarding consistency, long-term safety, and scaling up production. There is a need for clear regulatory guidelines and standardised toxico¬logical evaluations which are improved to enable wider industrial adoption.

MXenes (pronounced maxenes) are a unique family of two-dimensional materials. Current regulatory frameworks struggle to effectively manage MXenes due to their distinct properties and lack of appropriate safety testing methods. The OECD's Early4AdMa methodology highlights the need for improved characterisation, toxicity testing, and greener production processes for titanium carbide MXenes, emphasising the limited data available on their health and environmental impacts. Proactive regulation and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential as MXenes move closer to commercialisation, ensuring that safety and sustainability considerations are incorporated into the development of advanced materials.

Recent research highlights the complexities surrounding the regulation of manufactured multicomponent nanomaterials (MCNMs) under the European chemicals’ regulation REACH. Although most of these materials are covered by REACH and its nano-specific updates, uncertainties remain regarding their categorisation and assessment. More precise definitions and guidelines are needed to ensure safe and sustainable management of these advanced materials as technology evolves.

Researchers have developed an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) that describes how nanomaterials (NMs) can compromise the gut’s protective barrier, leading to a “leaky gut”. The AOP outlines the biological mechanisms through which ingested NMs can harm intestinal integrity and increase permeability. Despite existing uncertainties and knowledge gaps, the AOP and associated testing methods are relevant for the risk assessment of NMs.

Recent advancements in recycling technologies for carbon nanotubes and epoxy resins show promise in enhancing their sustainability and reusability. By focusing on innovative bonding techniques, researchers are tackling the complex challenges associated with recycling these strong materials, paving the way for a more efficient circular economy.

The EU Innovation Network of regulators has released a Horizon Scanning Report on Nanomedicines, highlighting key trends, challenges and recommendations for regulatory collaboration. It emphasises the growing applications of nanotechnology in medicine and the need for improved regulatory frameworks. A new platform for regulatory science research is set to launch in 2025, aimed at enhancing dialogue between researchers and regulators. This call for regulatory preparedness aligns with similar recommendations and initiatives in the field of nanomaterials.

The UK government hosted two workshops to promote collaboration on the safe and sustainable development of advanced materials. These events brought together diverse stakeholders to share insights and shape relevant policies. Attendees highlighted the need for regulatory definitions, standards and test methods, and incentives to stimulate safe and sustainable development (SSbD) of advanced materials. In particular, there was a call for training small and medium enterprises (SMEs) on the SSbD concept and tools available for implementation. In addition, RIVM identified a need for improved integration of sustainability aspects like durability, reusability, and recyclability into SSbD approaches.