The unique physical and chemical properties of advanced (nano)materials can help improve human and environmental health. At the same time, it is difficult to predict the potential risks. For example, some particles are poorly soluble and may remain present in the body or the environment for a long time. Through scientific research and advice, RIVM contributes to the adequate evaluation of the safety and sustainability of advanced (nano)materials.
Exposure of humans and the environment
Because nanomaterials are so small, they can end up anywhere in the environment, including unexpected or undesired locations. This extends to plants and the bodies of humans and animals as well. Nanomaterials can enter the environment in various ways, including their use in products like plant protection products. Other ways include wear and tear from products, waste disposal or as byproducts of degradation. Additionally, humans can ingest nanomaterials through several routes, for example, by inhaling them during materials processing in the workplace, through (damaged) skin when using cosmetics, or via food consumption.
Distribution in humans
Whether advanced (nano)materials can be harmful to human health is often still uncertain, but there is evidence of their risk in certain situations. For example, inhalation of these materials may cause inflammation in the lungs. When they come into contact with the skin, they may lead to skin irritation. If they enter the bloodstream, damage can occur to organs like the lungs and brain. Some nanomaterials, like silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, can release particles that harm cells.
Distribution in the environment
Nanoparticles in air, water and soil can also enter the food chain. Particularly poorly soluble advanced (nano)materials remain present in the environment for a long time and accumulate in fish or plants, especially if they are not biodegradable. This accumulation may harm the habitats of plants and animals.