Researchers have proposed an approach to create metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that are designed to be safe and sustainable. The approach categorises the transformations that these materials undergo, helping to prevent the formation of harmful transformation products. MOFs are composed of metal clusters linked to organic compounds, resulting in porous structures that are useful in various applications, including catalysis, energy storage, water treatment, and sensors. By adopting a safe and sustainable approach in their design, the full potential of MOFs can be realised.

Researchers call for making metal-organic frameworks safe and sustainable

Chakraborty and colleagues (2025) have provided an approach for developers to create metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that are safe and sustainable by design. The approach categorises the transformations that this advanced material can undergo. It is intended to assist in the design of MOFs by helping to avoid transformation products that could hinder the material’s proper functioning or pose risks to human health and the environment.

What are MOFs

Metal–organic frameworks are unique materials consisting of metal clusters or ions linked together with organic compounds. These connections create porous structures that can be one-, two- or three-dimensional. The porous structure of these advanced materials enables them to hold and bind a variety of chemicals, making them immensely useful in various fields, particularly catalysis. Over 100,000 experimental MOF structures have been reported. In theory, any type of metal and any type of organic compound can be used. An innovative example is a MOF consisting of platinum and carbon that can store hydrogen gas. According to a review by Wright and colleagues, MOFs have great potential for other applications, such as batteries, water treatment, and sensors.

Advantages of MOFs

Research has shown that MOFs often outperform traditional materials in specific applications. These innovative materials not only have the potential to reduce energy consumption but also open up new possibilities in various applications. The review by Wright and others emphasises the need for a thorough analysis that considers all the costs and benefits associated with using MOFs. This comprehensive understanding is crucial for evaluating their overall impact. 

Some challenges 

Large-scale applications of MOFs become more viable in industry. This prompted Chakraborty and colleagues to express concerns about their safety and sustainability. The concerns centre on the stability of these materials and whether they align with circular economy principles and chemical sustainability goals. The framework proposed by Chakraborty addresses these concerns while also considering the specific conditions where certain MOFs are used. For example, some MOFs hydrolyse quickly in the presence of water, so these materials should not be used in wet environments. However, they can be very effective for storing gas in dry conditions. 

The way forward

Current research focuses on improving the stability of MOFs using natural materials and enhancing their recyclability. Tailored solutions are being developed, such as modifying the pore structure of MOFs or applying protective coatings to ensure they perform well over time. Chakraborty and others have reviewed some options for creating MOFs that are safe and sustainable by design. 

Reflections by RIVM

MOFs represent a class of advanced materials that are approaching large-scale industrial application after years of research. However, ensuring their safety and sustainability throughout their life cycle is essential. The approach proposed by Chakraborty and colleagues offers valuable guidance for addressing stability and safety concerns associated with newly developed MOFs, but needs nevertheless to be evaluated in detail to assess whether it provides sufficient safeguards within the current regulatory system. Safety aspects for workers are not explicitly mentioned in the framework. By integrating this approach with the techno-economic analysis proposed by Wright and colleagues, it can pave the way for the development of MOFs that are safe, sustainable, and effective from both human and environmental health perspectives, as well as economically viable.