This model is very useful for the exposure assessment of products containing nanomaterials during shredding (end-of-life), a part of the life cycle where there is little data available. With a Bayesian probabilistic nature in its core, it uses subjective judgement when data is unavailable or scarce while being able to adapt and update risk forecasts as new information becomes available. Its novelty lies on a simplistic approach which combines the material and process variables of the system to determine the probability of number, size, mass and composition of released particles. It is applicable to the shredding of a wide range of nano-enabled products and it aims to reduce the nanomaterial release by using the safe(r)-by-design approach.

The Health Impact Assessment (HIA) under REACH includes a comprehensive narrative description of all the expected changes or impacts: 1) The human health endpoints affected both qualitatively and quantitatively; 2)The possible values used associated with human health end-points and the estimates of monetised impacts; 3) The significance of the impacts; 4) The certainty and confidence in the description of the impacts; 5) All relevant assumptions/decisions and estimated uncertainties relating to what has been included, measurements or data sources.

This document provides technical guidance on how to undertake socio-economic analysis (SEA) as part of a proposal to restrict the manufacturing, placing on the market and/or use of a substance in accordance with Article 69 of REACH. In the context of REACH, SEA is an approach used to describe and analyse all relevant impacts (i.e.both positive and negative effects) of imposing a restriction compared to continued use. It can also facilitate an assessment of whether the proposed Community-wide restriction is the most appropriate action as compared to other risk management options (RMOs). An SEA included in an Annex XV dossier proposing a restriction and contributions from interested parties is used in the decision-making process (by the SEA Committee of the Agency and the European Commission) to assess the benefits and costs of the proposed restriction.

The purpose of this guidance note is to guide policy makers on the use of CBA for policy proposals. It includes the following topics: risk analysis, cost-benefit analysis, assessments of compliance costs, assessments of competition effects, and consultation. The cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is an analytical tool that can be used to measure the economic and social impact of government action by reference to the 'net social benefits' that action might produce. BCA is a power analytical tool that can aid in decision making.

'Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts' (UN). Climate is changing all over the world, including the Netherlands. How can we lead safe, healthy lives in a changing climate? RIVM assesses the impact of climate change on health, infectious disease and the environment. We also conduct research on climate adaptation and disseminate relevant knowledge. In doing so, we contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 13.

'Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable' (UN). RIVM works in various ways to make cities healthier and improve urban quality of life. We are also monitoring air quality and working on solutions to reduce air pollution. RIVM also addresses the role of water and green spaces in relation to health and well-being in growing urban areas in the Netherlands and Europe. In doing so, we contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 11.

'Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development' (UN). Many of the challenges in public health and the environment demand an international approach. Therefore, we actively seek collaboration abroad. Through collaboration with UN organisations including the WHO and within EU frameworks we contribute to achieving the SDGs worldwide.